Sterically hindered amine stabilizer

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amines of the formulae I or II: (II), wherein, for example, F 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , R 8 , R 9 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14  are n-butyl: Z 1  to Z 10  are propoxy and R 1 , R 4 , R 7 , R 10 , R 13  are 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl. Compositions comprising compounds of formulae I or II and an organic material, which is susceptible to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation, are further disclosed. Optionally, further additives are contained.

Sterically hindered amines are known to be efficient stabilizers for organic materials against the harmful effect of fight and heat—especially for synthetic polymers like polyolefins. For example, agricultural films produced from polyolefins are stabilized by sterically hindered amine stabilizers, since light transmission has got a major impact on the growth of crops and a sustainable light transmission depends on the long-term stability of the film.

The sterically hindered nitrogen atom of the sterically hindered amine can either possess a hydrogen atom, i.e. a secondary amine, or can be substituted further for example by an oxygen atom like in the case of an alkylether. The basicity of the sterically hinderd amine is reduced in case of substitution of its nitrogen atom with an oxygen atom. These oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amines proved to be especially useful in applications where exposure to acids takes place. The acids or traces of acid might be present from the start—e.g. an acid-cured coating resin—or be released over time. The latter one can be an acid release from another component of the organic material, for example specific halogen-containing flame retardants, or the immission of traces of acid from the external environment, for example by exposure to vapours of specific crop protection agents like vapam.

Many different sterically hindered amine stabilizers—with or without oxygen-substitution—have been disclosed in prior art.

In U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,950, oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizers useful as stabilizers for pofyolefin compositions are disclosed.

In U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,026, oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizers useful as stabilizers for polyolefin compositions are disclosed.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,985, oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizers useful as stabilizers for organic material are disclosed.

In EP-A-1840127, sterically hindered amine stabilizers useful as stabilizers for organic material are disclosed.

However, there is still a need for further oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizers, which provide a further improvement of the long-term stabilization of organic materials.

Another aspect is the replacement of polymeric oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizers, which are by definition multi-component mixtures, by more well-defined, in principle single molecule type of oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizers. This is desirable in regard to a more precise and better managable synthesis and also a more straightforward analytical characterization afterwards. Furthermore, better fine-tuning of physical-chemical properties is possible for a more single-molecule type of material.

It has now been found that a specific class of oxygen-substituted sterically hindered amine stabilizer is fulfilling the above stated requirements.

An embodiment of this invention is a compound of formula I

or formula II

wherein

R₁ is a group of formula III

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

R₄ is a group of formula IV

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₅-C₁₀ aryl;

R₂, R₃ and R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇ -C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyloxy, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₀ alkynyloxy, C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy, C₇-C₉ aralkyloxy or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyloxy substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

X₁ is C₂-C₁₂ alkylene or C₃-C₁₂ alkylene substituted by hydroxyl; or

R₇ is a group of formula V

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₅cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicyoloalkyl, C₃-C₁₆ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

R₁₀ is a group of formula VI

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₆ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

R₁₃ is a group of formula VII

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₆ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₈-C₁₀ aryl;

R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyloxy, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy, C₅C₆ cycloalkenyloxy, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy, C₇-C₉ aralkyloxy or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyloxy substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl;

X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₁₂ alkylene or C₃-C₁₂ alkylene substituted by hydroxyl.

C₁-C₁₈ alkyl comprises linear and branched alkyl. Examples are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl, n-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, tert-butylmethyl, hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, heptyl, isoheptyl, 2-ethylpentyl, 1-propylbutyl, octyl, isooctyl, 1-ethylhexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, isononyl, neononyl, undecyl, lauryl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl. Preferred is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, especially C₁-C₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl. A preferred example is butyl, especially n-butyl.

C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl comprises linear and branched alkenyl including possible E- and Z-isomers. Examples are allyl, 3-methyl-but-2-enyl, dec-9-enyl, hexadec-9-enyl, oetadec-9-enyl. Preferred is C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl. A preferred example is allyl.

C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl comprises unsubstituted and substituted, i.e. by one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl. Examples are cyclopropyl, 3-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methylcydohexyl, 2-methylcyclohexyl, 3-methylcyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. Preferred are C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, particularly C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. A preferred example is cyclohexyl.

C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl comprises unsubslituted and substituted, i.e. by one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl, cycloalkenyl. Examples are cyclopeotenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl and cyclooctenyl.

C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl comprises unsubstituted and substituted, i.e. by one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl, bicycloalkyl. Examples are bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, 3-methyl bicyclo[3.1.1]-heptyl and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl.

C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl are exemplified by propargyl but-3-inyl, hex-5-inyl, oct-7-inyl, dec-9-inyl, dodec-11-inyl, tetradec-13-inyl, hexadec-15-inyl and octadec-17-inyl. Preferred is C₃-C₁₂ alkinyl. A preferred example is propargyl.

C₆-C₁₀ aryl comprises unsubstituted and substituted, i.e. by one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl, aryl. Examples are phenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methyiphenyl, dimethylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, iso-propylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, naphtyl and biphenyl.

Preferred is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, in particular unsubstituted and para-substituted phenyl.

C₇-C₉ aralkyl is exemplified by benzyl, phenylethyl and phenylpropyl. A preferred example is benzyl.

C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl is exemplied by α-methylbenzyl, 3-methyl benzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, α-ethylbenzyl, 4-ethylbenzyl, 4-propylbenzyl, 4-iso-propyl-benzyl, 4-tert-butylbenzyl and diphenylmethyl.

C₁-C₁₈ alkyloxy comprises unsubstituted and substituted, i.e. by C₁-C₉ alkyl, alkyloxy. Examples are methyloxy, ethyloxy, propyloxy (=propoxy), butyloxy, hexyloxy, octyloxy and undecyloxy.

Preferred is C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy. Preferred examples are methyloxy, ethyloxy, propyloxy, octyloxy and undecyloxy. Especially preferred is propyloxy.

Preferred is C₁ -C₁₈ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₈ alkyloxy both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not branched. Examples are methyloxy, ethyloxy, n-propyloxy, n-butyloxy, n-pentyloxy, 3-methylbutylaxy, n-hexyloxy, 3-methylpentyloxy, 4-methylpentyloxy, n-heptyloxy, 3-methylhexyloxy, 4-methylhexyloxy, 5-methylhexyloxy, 3-ethylpentyloxy, 3,4-dimethylpentyloxy, n-octyloxy, 3-methylheptyloxy, 4-methylheptyloxy, 5-methylheptyloxy, 6-methylheptyloxy, 3-ethylhexyloxy, 4-ethylhexyloxy, 3,4-dimethylhexyloxy, 3,5-dimethylhexyloxy, n-nonyloxy, 3-methyloctyloxy, 4-methyloctyloxy, 5-methyloctyloxy, 6-methytoctyloxy, 7-methyloctyloxy, 3-ethylheptyloxy, 4-ethylheptyloxy, 5-ethylheptyloxy, 3,4-dimethylheptyloxy, 3,5-dimethylheptyloxy, 3,6-dimethylheptyloxy, 4,5-dimethylheptyloxy, 4.8-dimethylheptyloxy, 5,6-dimethylheptyloxy, n-undecyloxy, n-lauryloxy, n-tridecyloxy, n-tetradecyloxy, n-pentadecyloxy, n-hexadecyloxy and n-octadecyloxy.

Preferred is C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₂ alkyloxy both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not branched.

Preferred is C₁-C₈ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₈ alkyloxy both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not branched.

Preferred is linear C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy. Examples are methyloxy, ethyloxy, n-propyloxy, n-butyloxy, n-pentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, n-heptyloxy, n-octyloxy, n-nonyloxy, n-undecyloxy and n-lauryloxy.

Especially preferred are methyloxy, ethyloxy and n-propyloxy.

C₃-C₁₈ alkenyloxy comprises unsubstituted and substituted, i.e. by C₁-C₉ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyloxy. Examples are prop-2-enyloxy, prop-1-enyloxy, but-2-enyloxy and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl.

Preferred is C₃-C₁₂ alkenyloxy. A preferred example is prop-2-enyloxy.

C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyloxy is exemplified by cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cyctoheptyloxy and cyclooctyloxy.

Preferred is C₅-C₆ cycloalkyloxy. A preferred example is cyclohexyloxy.

C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyloxy is exemplified by cyclopentenyloxy, cyclohexenyloxy, cycloheptenyloxy and cylcooctenyloxy.

Preferred is C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyloxy. A preferred example is cyclohexenyloxy.

C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyloxy is exemplified by bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyloxy, 3-methyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyloxy and 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy.

C₃-C₁₈ alkynyloxy is exemplified by propargyloxy.

C₅-C₁₀ aryloxy is exemplified by phenyloxy, napihyloxy and biphenyloxy.

C₇-C₉ aralkyloxy as exemplified by benzyloxy, 2-phenylethyl and 3-phenylpropyl.

A preferred example is benzyloxy.

C₇-C₂₀ aralkyloxy substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl is exemplified by α-methylbenzyloxy, 3-methylbenzyloxy, 4-methylbenzyloxy, α,α-dimethylbenzyloxy, α-ethylbenzyloxy, 4-ethylbenzyloxy, 4-propylbenzyloxy, 4iso-propyl-benzyloxy, 4-tert-butylbenzyloxy and diphenylmethyloxy.

C₂-C₁₂ alkylene comprises unsubstituted and substituted, i.e. by one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkylene. Examples are ethylene, propylene, 1-methylethylene, butylene, pentylene, 2-methylbutylene, hexamethylene and octamethylene.

Preferred are C₂-C₈ alkylene, in particular C₂-C₆ alkylene. Preferred examples are hexamethylene, propylene and ethylene.

C₃-C₁₂ alkylene substituted by hydroxyl comprises no further substituted and further substituted, i.e. by one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkylene substituted by hydroxyl. Examples are 2-hydroxypropylene, 2-hydroxy-butylene, 2,3-dihydroxybutylene, 2,5-hexamethylene and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylene.

A preferred example is 2-hydroxypropylene.

Preferred is a compound of formula I.

Preferred is a compound of formula II.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂     alkenyl, C₅-C₆ cydoalkyl, C₅-C₇ cydoalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₄ is a group of formula IV, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl,     C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂     alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or     benzyl; -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyloxy or benzyloxy; -   X₁ is C₂-C₆ alkylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl,     C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₁₀ is a group of formula VI, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂     alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₁₃ is a group of formula VII, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂     alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl     or benzyl; -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently     from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyloxy, C₅-C₆     cycloalkyloxy, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyloxy, benzyloxy; -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₆ alkylene.

Especially preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂     alkyl; or -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

In particular, a compound of formula I or formula II is preferred, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III and R₄ is a group of formula IV; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V, R₁₀ is a group of formula VI and R₁₃ is     a group of formula VII.

Furthermore preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     methyloxy, ethyloxy, propyloxy, octytoxy, undecyloxy or     prop-2-enyloxy; or -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are independently from     each other methyloxy, ethytoxy, propyloxy, octybxy, undecyloxy,     cyclohexyloxy or prop-2-enyloxy.

Preferred is also a compound of formula I or II, wherein

-   R₁ and R₄ are each independently from each other hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂     alkyl or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl; or -   R₇, R₁₀ and R₁₃ are each independently from each other hydrogen,     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl.

Preference is given to a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   X₁ is C₂-C₆ alkylene; or -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are C₂-C₆ alkylene.

In particular desirable is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   X₁ is hexamethylene; or -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are ethylene.

Preferred is also a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are butyl; or -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₃ and R₁₅ are butyl.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III or hydrogen; -   R₄ is a group of formula IV or hydrogen; -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂     alkyl; -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy; -   X₁ is C₂-C₆ alkylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V or hydrogen; -   R₁₀ is a group of formula VI or hydrogen; -   R₁₃ is a group of formula VII or hydrogen; -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently     from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy; -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₆ alkylene.

Very preferred is also a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III and R₄ is a group of formula IV, -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are butyl, -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁, and Z₁₂ are methyloxy, ethyloxy, propyloxy,     octyloxy or undecyloxy, -   X₁ is hexamethylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V, R₁₀ is a group of formula VI and R₁₃ is     a group of formula VII, -   R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₅ are butyl, -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are methyloxy, ethyloxy,     propyloxy, octyloxy, undecyloxy or cyclohexyloxy, -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are ethylene.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈     alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₉ cycloalkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl,     C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl     substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   R₄ is a group of formula IV, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl,     C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₅-C₁₀ bicyctoalkyl, C₃-C₁₈     alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ arykl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted     by a lkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₆     alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀     bicycloslkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀     aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₆ is alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₆ alkyloxy both carbon     atoms in α- and β-position next to tie oxygen are not branched; -   X₁ is C₂-C₁₂ alkylene or C₃-C₁₂ alkylene substituted by hydroxyl; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl,     C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈     alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇ -C₂₀ aralkyl substituted     by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   R₁₀ is a group of formula VI, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈     alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl,     C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl     substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   R₁₃ is a group of formula VII, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈     alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl,     C₃-C₁₆ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl     substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl,     C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₁₀ aralkyl or     C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently     from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₈ alkyloxy     both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not     branched; -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₁₂ alkylene     or C₃-C₁₂ alkylene substituted by hydroxys.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂     alkenyl, C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₄ is a group of formula IV, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl,     C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂     alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or     benzyl; -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₂ alkyloxy both carbon     atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not branched; -   X₁ is C₂-C₈ alkylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl,     C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₁₀ is a group of formula VI, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂     alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₁₃ is a group of formula VII, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂     alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl     or benzyl; -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently     from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₂ alkyloxy     both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not     branched; -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₆ alkylene.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III or hydrogen; -   R₄ is a group of formula IV or hydrogen; -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂     alkyl; -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₂ alkyloxy both carbon     atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not branched; -   X₁ is C₂-C₈ alkylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V or hydrogen; -   R₁₀ is a group of formula VI or hydrogen; -   R₁₃ is a group of formula VII or hydrogen; -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently     from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₂ alkyloxy     both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not     branched; -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₆ alkylene.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III or hydrogen; -   R₄ is a group of formula IV or hydrogen; -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂     alkyl; -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other     linear C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy; -   X₁ is C₂-C₈ alkylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V or hydrogen; -   R₁₀ is a group of formula VI or hydrogen; -   R₁₃ is a group of formula VII or hydrogen; -   R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently from each other     C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are each independently     from each other linear C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy; -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are each independently from each other C₂-C₆ alkylene.

Preferred is a compound of formula I or formula II, wherein

-   R₁ is a group of formula III and R₄ is a group of formula IV, -   R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are butyl, -   Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are methyloxy, ethyloxy, n-propyloxy or     n-undecyloxy, -   X₁ is hexamethylene; or -   R₇ is a group of formula V, R₁₀ is a group of formula VI and R₁₃ is     a group of formula VII, R₆, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₅ are butyl, -   Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, Z₈, Z₉, Z₁₀, Z₁₃, Z₁₄ and Z₁₅ are methyloxy, ethyloxy,     n-propyloxy or n-undecyloxy, -   X₂, X₃ and X₄ are ethylene.

Preferred is the compound P-201, P-202, P-203 or P-204. The compounds are depicted below.

A further embodiment of this invention is a composition comprising

-   -   a) an organic material which is susceptible to oxidative,         thermal or light-induced degradation; and     -   b) at least one compound of the formula I or formula II.

For example, an organic material comprises natural, semi-natural and synthetic polymers.

Examples for polymers are:

1. polymers of monoolefins and diolefins, for example polypropylene, polyisobutylene, poly-but-1-ene, poly-4-methylpent-1-ene, polyvinylcyclohexane, polyisoprene or polybutadiene, as well as polymers of cycloolefins, for instance of cyclopentene or norbomene, polyethylene (which optionally can be crosslinked), for example high density polyethylene (HDPE), high density and high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-HMW), high density and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-UHMW), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (VLOPE) and (ULDPE).

Polyolefins, i.e. the polymers of monoolefins exemplified in the preceding paragraph, preferably polyethylene and polypropylene, can be prepared by different, and especially by the following, methods:

-   -   a) radical polymerisation (normally under high pressure and at         elevated temperature).     -   b) catalytic polymerisation using a catalyst that normally         contains one or more than one metal of groups IVb, Vb, VIb or         VIII of the Periodic Table. These metals usually have one or         more than one ligand, typically oxides, halides, alcohosates,         esters, ethers, amines, alkyls, alkenyls and/or aryls that may         be either π- or σ-coordinated. These metal complexes may be in         the free form or fixed on substrates, typically on activated         magnesium chloride, titanium(III) chloride, alumina or silicon         oxide. These catalysts may be soluble or insoluble in the         polymerisation medium. The catalysts can be used by themselves         in the polymerisation or further activators may be used,         typically metal alkyls, metal hydrides, metal alkyl halides,         metal alkyl oxides or metal alkyloxanes, said metals being         elements of groups Ia, II and/or IIIa of the Periodic Table. The         activators may be modified conveniently with further ester,         ether, amine or silyl ether groups. These catalyst systems are         usually termed Phillips, Standard Oil Indiana, Ziegler (—Natta),         TNZ (DuPont), metailocene or single site catalysts (SSC).

2.Mixtures of the polymers mentioned under 1, for example mixtures of polypropylene with polyisobutylene, polypropylene with polyethylene (for example PP/HDPE, PP/LDPE) and mixtures of different types of polyethylene (for example LDPE/HDPE).

3. Copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins with each other or with other vinyl monomers, for example ethylene/propylene copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLOPE) and mixtures thereof with low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene/but-1-ene copolymers, propylene/isobutylene copolymers, ethylene/but-1-ene copolymers, ethylene/hexene copolymers, ethylene/methylpentene copolymers, ethylene/heptene copolymers, ethylene/octene copolymers, ethylene/vinylcyclohexane copolymers, ethylene/cycloolefin copolymers (e.g. ethylene/norbornene like COC), ethylene/1-olefins copolymers, where the 1-olefin is generated in-situ; propylene/butadiene copolymers, isobutylene/isoprene copolymers, ethylene/vinylcyclohexene copolymers, ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers or ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers and their salts (ionomers) as well as terpolymers of ethylene with propylene and a diene such as hexadiene, dicydopentadiene or ethylidene-norbomene; and mixtures of such copolymers with one another and with polymers mentioned in 1. above, for example polypropylene/ethylene-propytene copolymers, LDPE/ethytene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), LDPE/ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), LLDPE/EVA, LLDPE/EAA and alternating or random polyalkylene/carbon monoxide copolymers and mixtures thereof with other polymers, for example polyamides.

4. Hydrocarbon resins (for example C₃-C₉) including hydrogenated modifications thereof (e.g. tackifiers) and mixtures of polyalkylenes and starch.

Homopolymers and copolymers from 1,-4, may have any stereostructure including syndio-tactic, isotactic, hemi-isotactie or atactic; where atactic polymers are preferred. Stereoblock polymers are also included.

5.Polystyrene, poly(p-methylstyrene), poly(α-methylstyrene).

6.Aromatic homopolymers and copolymers derived from vinyl aromatic monomers including styrene, α-methylstyrene, all isomers of vinyl toluene, especially p-vinyltoluene, all isomers of ethyl styrene, propyl styrene, vinyl biphenyl, vinyl naphthalene, and vinyl anthracene, and mixtures thereof. Homopolymers and copolymers may have any stereostructure including syndiotactic, isotactic, hemi-isotactic or atactic; where atactic polymers are preferred. Stereoblock polymers are also included.

6a. Copolymers including aforementioned vinyl aromatic monomers and comonomers selected from ethylene, propylene, dienes, nitriles, acids, maleic anhydrides, maleimides, vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride or acrylic derivatives and mixtures thereof, for example styrene/butadiene, styrene/acrylonitrile, styrene/ethylene (interpolymers), styrene/alkyl methacrylate, styrene/butadiene/alkyl acrylate, styrene/butadiene/alkyl methacrylate, styrene/maleic anhydride, styrene/acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate; mixtures of high impact strength of styrene copolymers and another polymer, for example a polyacrylate, a diene polymer or an ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer; and block copolymers of styrene such as styrene/butadiene/styrene, styrene/isoprene/styrene, styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene or styrene/ethylene/propylene/styrene.

8b. Hydrogenated aromatic polymers derived from hydrogenation of polymers mentioned under 6.), especially including polycyclohexylethylene (PCHE) prepared by hydrogenating atactic polystyrene, often referred to as polyvinylcyclohexane (PVCH).

6c. Hydrogenated aromatic polymers derived from hydrogenation of polymers mentioned under 6.

Homopolymers and copolymers may have any stereostructure including syndiotactic, isotactic, hemi-isotactic or atactic; where atactic polymers are preferred. Stereoblock polymers are also included.

7. Graft copolymers of vinyl aromatic monomers such as styrene or α-methylstyrene, for example styrene on polybutadiene, styrene on potybutadiene-styrene or polybutadiene-acry-ionitrile copolymers; styrene and acrylontrile (or methacrylonitrile) on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate on polybutadiene; styrene and maleic anhydride on polybutadiene; styrene, acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride or maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and maleimide on polybutadiene; styrene and alkyl acrylates or methacrylates on polybutadiene; styrene and acrylonitrile on ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers; styrene and acrylonitrile on polyalkyl acrylates or polyalkyl methacrylates, styrene and acrylonitrile on acrylate/butadiene copolymers, as well as mixtures thereof with the copolymers listed under 6), for example the copolymer mixtures known as ABS, MBS, ASA or AES polymers.

8. Halogen-containing polymers such as polychloroprene, chlorinated rubbers, chlorinated and brominated copolymer of isobutylene-isoprene (halobutyl rubber), chlorinated or sulfo-chlorinated polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorinated ethylene, epichlorohydrin homo- and copolymers, especially polymers of halogen-containing vinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, as well as copolymers thereof such as vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers.

9. Polymers derived from α,β-unsaturated adds and derivatives thereof such as polyacrylates and polyroethacrylates; polymethyl methacrylates, polyacrylamides and polyacrylonitriles, impact-modified with butyl acrylate.

10. Copolymers of the monomers mentioned under 9, with each other or with other unsaturated monomers, for example acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkyl acrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile/alkoxyalkyl acrylate or acrylonitrile/vinyl halide copolymers or acrylonitile/alkyl methacrylate/butadiene terpolymers.

11. Polymers derived from unsaturated alcohols and amines or the acyl derivatives or acetals thereof, for example polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate, polyvinyl benzoate, polyvinyl maleate, polyvinyl butyrat, polyaltyl phthalate or polyallyl melamine; as well as their copolymers with olefins mentioned in 1. above.

12. Homopolymers and copolymers of cyciic ethers such as polyalkylene glycols, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide or copolymers thereof with bisglycidyl ethers.

13. Polyacetals such as polyoxymethylene and those polyoxymethylenes which contain ethylene oxide as a comonomer, polyacetals modified with thermoplastic polyurethanes, acrylates or MBS.

14. Polyphenylene oxides and sulfides, and mixtures of polyphenytene oxides with styrene polymers or polyamides.

15. Potyurethanes derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, polyesters or polybutadienes on the one hand and aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates on the other, as well as precursors thereof.

16.Polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and/or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams, for example polyamide 4, polyamide 6, polyamide 6/6, 6/10, 6/9, 6/12, 4/6, 12/12, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, aromatic polyamides starting from m-xylene diamine and adipic acid; polyamides prepared from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic or/and terephthalic acid and with or without an elastomer as modifier, for example poly-2,4,4,-trimethylhexamethylene terephthatamide or poly-m-phenytene isophthalamide; and also block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers; or with polyethers, e.g. with polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol; as well as polyamides or copolyamides modified with EPDM or ABS; and polyamides condensed during processing (RIM polyamide systems).

17. Polyureas, polyimides, polyamide-imides, polyetherimides, polyesterimides, polyhydantoins and polybenzimidazoies.

18. Polyesters derived from dicarboxyiic acids and diols and/or from hydroxycarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactones or lactides, for example polyethyiene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthaiate, poly-1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane terephthalate, polyalkylene naphthalate and polyhydroxybenzoates as well as copolyether esters derived from hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, and also polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS. Copolyesters may comprise, for example—but are not limited to—polybutylenesuccinate/terephtalate, polybutyleneadipate/terephthalate, polytstramethyleneadipate/terephthalate, polybutylensuccinate/adipate, polybutylensuccinate/carbonate, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate/octanoate copolymer, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate/hexanoate/decanoate terpolymer. Furthermore, aliphatic polyesters may comprise, for example—but are not limited to—the class of poly(hydroxyalkanoates), in particular, poly(propiolactone), poly(butyrolactone), poly(pivalolactone), poly(valerolactone) and poly(caprolactone), polyethylenesuccinate, polypropytenesuccinate, polybutylenesuccinate, polyhexamethylenesuccinate, polyethyleneadipate, polypropyleneadipate, polybutyleneadipate, polyhexamethyleneadipate, polyethyleneoxalate, polypropyleneoxalate, polybutylene-oxalate, polyhexamethyleneoxalate, polyethylenesebacate, polypropylenesebacate, polybutylenesebacate and polylactic acid (PLA) as well as corresponding polyesters modified with polycarbonates or MBS. The term ‘polylactic acid (PLA)’ designates a homo-polymer of preferably poly-L-lactide and any of its blends or alloys with other polymers; a co-polymer of lactic acid or lactide with other monomers, such as hydroxy-carboxysicacids, like for example glycolic acid, 3-hydroxy-butyric acid, 4-hydroxy-butyric acid, 4-hydroxy-vateric acid, 5-hydroxy-valeric acid, 6-hydroxy-caproic acid and cycitc forms thereof; the terms ‘lactic acid’ or ‘lactide’ include L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, mixtures and dimers thereof, i.e. L-lactide, D-lactide, meso-lacide and any mixtures thereof.

19. Polycarbonates and polyester carbonates.

20. Polyketones.

21. Polysulfones, polyether sulfones and polyether ketones.

22. Crosslinked polymers derived from aldehydes on the one hand and phenols, ureas and melamines on the other hand, such as phenol/formaldehyde resins, urea/formaldehyde resins and melamine/formaldehyde resins.

23. Drying and non-drying alkyd resins.

24. Unsaturated polyester resins derived from copolyesters of saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with polyhydric alcohols and vinyl compounds as crosslinking agents, and also halogen-containing modifications thereof of low flammability.

25. Crosslinkable acrylic resins derived from substituted acrylates, for example epoxy acrylates, urethane acrylates or polyester acrylates.

26. Alkyd resins, polyester resins and acrylate resins crosslinked with melamine resins, urea resins, isocyanates, isocyanurates, polyisocyanates or epoxy resins.

27. Crosslinked epoxy resins derived from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic glycidyl compounds, e.g. products of diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and bisphenol F, which are crosslinked with customary hardeners such as anhydrides or amines, with or without accelerators.

28. Natural polymers such as cellulose, rubber, gelatin and chemically modified homologous derivatives thereof, for example cellulose acetates, cellulose propionates and cellulose butyrates, or the cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose; as well as resins and their derivatives.

29. Blends of the aforementioned polymers (polyblends), for example PP/EPDM, poly-amide/EPDM or ABS, PVC/EVA, PVC/ABS, PVC/MBS, PC/ABS, PBTP/ABS, PC/ASA, PC/PBT, PVC/CPE, PVC/acrylates, PGM/thermoplastic PUR, PC/thermoplastic PUR, POM/acrylate, POM/MBS, PPO/HSPS, PPO/PA 6.6 and copolymers, PA/HDPE, PA/PP, PA/PPO, PBT/PC/ABS or PBT/PET/PC.

A coating binder is for example an acid catalyzed two component system or an air drying system.

A preferred polymer for component a) is a thermoplastic polymer or a coating binder.

In particular, component a) is a thermoplastic polymer. Of high relevance is the group of thermoplastic polyolefins, especially homo- or copolymers containing polymerized propylene or ethylene. Especially preferred is polypropylene or polyethylene, very particular polyethylene.

Preferred as component a) are also biodegradable polymers of either natural or synthetic origin.

Examples are polyethylensuccinate (Lunare SE (RTM, Nihon Shokubai)), polybutylensuccinate (Bionolle 1000 (RTM, Showa Highpolymer)), polybutylensuccinate/adipate (Bionolle 3000 (RTM, Showa Highpolymer)), polybutylensuccinate/carbonate (lupec (RTM, Mitsubishi Gas Chemicals)), polybutylensuccinate/terephtalate (Biomax (RTM, Dupont), Ecofiex (RTM, BASF), EasterBio (RTM, Eastman Chemicals)), polycaprolactone (CelGreen PH (RTM, Daicei Kagaku), Tone (RTM, UCG)), poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (Nodax (RTM, Procter and Gamble), from Metabolix), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (Biogreen (RTM, Mitsubishi Gas Chemicals)), polylactic acid (NatureWorks (RTM, Cargilt), LACEA (RTM, Mitsui Chemicals), Lacty (RTM, Shimadzu Seisakusho)), polyester amides or blends of these materials with natural or modified starch, polysaccharides, lignin, wood flour, cellulose and chitin.

The employed amount of component b) in regard to component a) varies with the particular organic material and the selected application.

In general, the component b) of the present invention is employed from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the component a).

An advantageous range is from 0.05 to 5%, in particular 0.05% to 3%. Especially preferred is 0.1% to 1%.

Another advantageous range is, in particular for improving flame retardancy, from 0.8% to 3%, especially from 0.7% to 1.5%.

The composition as described above comprising component a) and component b) may contain further additives.

Examples of further additives are given below:

1. Antioxidants

1.1. Alkylated monophenols, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-di-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-(α-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethyl-phenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenois which are linear or branched in the side chains, for example, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylundec-1′-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylheptadec-1′-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methyltridec-1′-yl)phenol and mixtures thereof.

-   1.2. Alkylthiomethylphenois, for example     2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol,     2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol,     2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol,     2,6-di-dodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol. -   1.3. Hydroguinones and alkylated hydroguinones, for example     2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-phenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone,     2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octade-cyloxyphenol,     2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanlsole,     3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole,     3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate,     bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) adipate. -   1.4. Tocopherols, for example α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol,     γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and mixtures thereof (vitamin E). -   1.5.Hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example     2,2,-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol),     2,2′-thiobis(4-octylphenol),     4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol),     4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol),     4,4′-thiobis(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol),     4,4′-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-disulfide. -   1.6. Alkylidenebisphenois, for example     2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol),     2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol)     2,2′-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(α-methylcydohexyl)- phenol],     2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol),     2,2′-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol),     2,2′-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol),     2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol),     2,2′-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol),     2,2′-methylenebis[6-(α-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol],     2,2′-methylenebis[6-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol],     4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),     4,4′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol),     1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane,     2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol,     1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane,     1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane,     ethylene glycol     bis[3,3-bis(3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate],     bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)dicyclopentadiene,     bis[2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate,     1,1-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenol)butane,     2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane,     2,2-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecylmercaptobutane,     1,1,5,5-tetra-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentane.

1.7. O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, for example 3,5,3′ ,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, trideoyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate.

1.8. Hydroxybenzylated malonates, for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)malonate, di-dodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxybenzyl)malonate.

1.9. Aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, for example 1,3,5-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-2,4,6-trimethytbenzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol.

1.10. Triazine compounds, for example 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-anilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)(socyanurate, 2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenylpropionyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)iso-cyanurate.

1.11. Benzylphosohonates, for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylphosphanate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid.

1.12. Acylaminophenols, for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.

1.13.Esters of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

1.14. Esters of β-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, for example with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethyiene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethyloipropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 3,9-bis[2-(3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionyloxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane.

1.15. Esters of β-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, for example with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis (hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecartol, trimethyihexanediol, trimethyloipropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

1.16. Esters of 3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, for example with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis-(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

1.17. Amides of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, for example N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamide, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamide, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazide, N,N′-bis[2-(3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyloxy)ethyl]oxamide (Naugard XL-1, (RTM, supplied by Uniroyal).

1.18.Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

1.19.Aminic antioxidants, for example N,N′-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1-methylheptyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine, N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, N-allyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropoxydiphenyl-amine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octylated diphenylamine, for example p,p′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, 4-n-butyl-aminophenol, 4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol, 4-dodecanoylaminophenol, 4-octadecanoylaminophenol, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylamino-methylphenol, 2,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,N′,N′-tetra-methyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane, 1,2-bis(phenyl-amino)propane, (o-tolyl)biguanide, bis[4-(1′,3′-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octylated N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldiphenyl-amines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated nonyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated dodecyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl/isohexyl-diphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octylphenothiazines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-octyl-phenothiazines, N-allylphenothiazine, N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene.

2. UV absorbers and light stabilizers

2,1. 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, for example 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-benzo-triazoie, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-( 1,1,3,3-tetramethtlbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-sec-butyl-5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-4′-octyoxyphenyl)benzotriazole; 2-(3,5′-di-tert-amyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-bis-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-5′-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-carbonylethyl]-2′- hydroxyphenyl)-5-chiro-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methaxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-5′-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-dodecyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-iso-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenylbenzotriazole, 2,2′-methylene-bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-benzotriazole-2-ylphenol]; the transesterification product of 2-[3′-tert-butyl-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2′-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol 300; [R—CH₂CH₂—COO—CH₂CH₂]₂, where R=3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy-5′-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl phenyl, 2-[2′-hydroxy-3′-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-5′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl]-benzotriazole; 2-[2′-hydroxy-3′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-5′-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl]benzotriazole.

2.2. 2-Hydroxybenzophenones, for example the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4-decyloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy and 2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy derivatives.

2.3. Esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids, for example 4-tert-butyl-phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoyl resordnol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resordnol, benzoyl resorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, ocladecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.

2.4. Acrylates, for example ethyl α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylate, isooctyl, α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylate, methyl α-carbometloxycinnamate, methyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate, butyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, methyl α-carbomethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate, N-(β-carbomethoxy-β-cyanovinyl)-2-methylindoline, neopentyl tetra(α-cyano-β,β-di-phenylacrylate.

2.5. Nickel compounds, for example nickel complexes of 2,2′-thio-bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-butyl)phenol], such as the 1:1 or 1:2 complex, with or without additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate, nickel salts of the monoalkyl esters, e.g. the methyl or ethyl ester, of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylphosphonic acid, nickel complexes of ketoximes, e.g. of 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenylundecylketoxime, nickel complexes of 1-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroxypyrazole, with or without additional ligands.

2.8. Stericaliy hindered amines, for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)succinate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxyplperidine and succinic acid, linear or cyclic condensates of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, 1,1′-(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis(3,3,5,5)-tetramethyipiperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)malonate, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)succinate, linear or cyclic condensates of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-morpholino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(4-n-butyiamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropyiamino)ethane, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-di-(4-n-butyiamino-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane, 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- 4-piperidyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, a mixture of 4-hexadecyloxy- and 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, a condensate of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-cyclohexylamine-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, a condensate of 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as well as 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (CAS Reg. No. [136504-98-8]); a condensate of 1,6-hexanediamine and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as well as N,N-dibutylamine and 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (CAS Reg. No. [192268-64-7]; N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimide, N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimide, 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxo-spiro[4,5]decane, a reaction product of 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-2-cycloundecyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxospiro-[4,5]decane and epichlorohydrin, 1,1-bis(1,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyloxycarbonyl)-2-4-methoxyphenyl)ethene, N,N′-bis-formyl-N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine, a diester of 4-methoxymethylenemalonic acid with 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine, poly[methylpropyl-3-oxy-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)]siloxane, a reaction product of maleic acid anhydride-α-olefin copolymer with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidine or 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-aminopiperidine, 2,4 bis[N,-(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-yl)-N-butylamino]-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine, 1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-octadecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 5-(2-ethylhexanoyl)-oxymethyl-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-morpholinone, Sanduvor (RTM, Clariant; CAS Reg. No. 106917-31-1], 5-(2-ethylhexanoyl)oxymethyl-3,3,5-trimethyl-2-morpholinone, the reaction product of 2,4-bis[(1-cyclohexyloxy-2,2,6,6-piperidine-4-yl)butylamino]-6-chloro-s-triazine with N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine), 1,3,5-tris(N-cyclohexyl-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperazine-3-one-4-yl)amino)-s-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(N-cyclohexyl-N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperazine-3-one-4-yl)amino)-s-triazine.

2.7. Oxamides for example 4,4-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2′-dioctyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2′-didodecyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyloxanilide, N,N′-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2′-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-5,4′-di-tert-butoxanilide, mixtures of o- and p-methoxy-disubstituted oxanitldes and mixtures of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituled oxanilides.

2.8. 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines, for example 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4- bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyl-oxyphenyl)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-tridecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-butyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-octyloxypropyloxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-(dodecyloxy/tridecyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxy)phenyl-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methaxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris[2-hydroxy-4-(3-butoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-[3-(2-ethylhexyl-1-oxy)-2-hydroxypropyloxy]phenyl)-4,6-bis (2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(4-[2-ethylhexyloxy]-2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine.

3. Metal deactivators, for example N,N′-diphenyloxamide, N-salicylal-N′-salicyloyl hydrazine, N,N′-bis(salicyloyl)hydrazine, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine, 3-salicyloyiamino-1,2,4-triazole, bis(benzylidene)oxalyl dihydrazide, oxanilide, isophthaloyl dihydrazide, sebacoyl bisphenyihydrazide, N,N′-diacetyladlpoyl dihydrazide, N,N′-bis(salicyl-oyl)oxalyl dihydrazide, N,N′-bis(salicyloyl)thiopropionyl dihydrazide.

4. Phosphites and phosphonites, for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenylalkyl phosphites, phenyldialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyipentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-cumylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxypentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)-pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4,6-tris(tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearyl sorbitol triphosphite, tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) 4,4′-biphenylene diphosphonite, 6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocin, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)methyl phosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethyl phosphite, 6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyl-di-benz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocin, 2,2′,2″-nitrilo-[triethyltris(3,3′,5,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl)phosphite], 2-ethylexyl(3,3′, 5,5′-te-tra-tert-butyl-1,1-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl)phosphite, 5-butyl-5-ethyl-2-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphirane.

The following phosphites are especially preferred:

Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos 168 (RTM, Ciba inc.), tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite,

5. Hydroxylamines, for example N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N-hexadecyl-N-octadecylhydrox-ylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dialkyhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.

6. Nitrones, for example, N-benzyl-α-phenylnitrone, N-ethyl-α-methylnitrone, N-octyl-α-heptylnitrone, N-lauryl-α-undecylnitrone, N-tetradecyl-α-tridecylnnitrone, N-hexadecyl-α-pentadecylnitrone, N-octedecyl-α-heptadecylnitrane, N-hexadecyl-α-heptadecylnitnone, N-octadecyl-α-pentadecylntrone, N-heptadecyl-α-heptadecylnitrone, N-octadecyl-α-hexa-decylnitrone, nitrone derived from N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.

7. Thiosynergists, for example dilauryl thiodipropionate, dimistryl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate or distearyl disulfide.

8. Peroxide scavengers, for example esters of β-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyt, myrislyl or tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercapto-benzimidazole, zinc dibulyldithicarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, pentaerythritol tetrakis-(β-dodecylmercapto)propionate.

9. Polyamide stabilizers, for example copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese.

10. Basic co-stabilizers, for example melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, potyurethanes, alkall metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids, for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate and potassium palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or zinc pyrocatecholate.

11. Nucleating agents, for example inorganic substances, such as talcum, metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals; organic compounds, such as mono- or polycarboxylic acids and the salts thereof, e.g. 4-fert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoaie; polymeric compounds, such as ionic copolymers (ionomers), or Irga-clear XT 386 (RTM, Ciba). Especially preferred are 1,3:2,4-bis(3′, 4′-dimethylbenzylidene)-sorbitol, 1,3:2,4-di(paramethyldibenzylidene) sorbitol, and 1,3:2,4-di(benzylidene)sorbitol.

12. Filters and reinforcing agents, for example calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, glass beads, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood flour and flours or fibers of other natural products, synthetic fibers.

13. Other additives, for example pigments, such as carbon black, titanium dioxide in its rutile or anatase forms, color pigments; plasticisers; lubricants; emulsifiers; rheology additives; antislip/antiblock additives; catalysts; flow-control agents; optical brighteners; antistatic agents and blowing agents.

14. Benzofuranones and indolinones, for example those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,883; U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,244; U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,312; U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,052; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,643; DE-A-4316611; DE-A-4316622; DE-A-4316878; EP-A-0589839, EP-A-0591102; EP-A-1291384 or 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethoxy)phenyl]-5,7-di-tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 5,7-di-tert- butyl-3-[4-(2-stearoyloxy-ethoxy)phenyl]benzofuran-2-one, 3,3′-bis[5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-[2-hydroxyelhoxy]phenyl)benzofuran-2-one], 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)benzofuran-2-one, 3-(4-acetoxy-3,5-di-methylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 3-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 3-(2-acetyl-5-isooctylphenyl)-5-isooctyl-benzofuran-2-one.

15. Terpene derivatives, for example those disclosed in WO 2003/080011, those mentioned in the comprehensive list of Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 4^(th) edition (1994), Vol. 23, p. 833-882.

16. Flame Retardants

16.1 phosphorus containing flame retardants, for example tetraphenyl resoncinol diphosphate (Fyrolflex RDP, RTM, Akzo Nobel), tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulphide, triphenyl phosphate, diethyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-aminomethyl phosphonate, hydroxyalkyl esters of phosphorus acids, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), resorcinol diphosphate oligomer (RDP), phosphazene flame retardants or ethylenediamine diphosphate (EDAP).

16.2 nitrogen containing flame retardants, for example melamine-based flame retardants, isocyanurates, polyisocyanurate, esters of isocyanuric acid, like tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)iso-cyanurate, tris(hydroxymethyl)isocyanurate, tris(3-hydroxy-n-propyl)isocyanurate, triglycidyl isocyanurate, melamine cyanurate, melamine borate, melamine phosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine ammonium polyphosphate, melamine ammonium pyrophosphate, dimelamine phosphate, dimelamine pyrophosphate, benzoguanamine, allantoin, glycoluril, urea cyanurate, a condensation product of melamine from the series melem, melam, melon and/or a higher condensed compound or a reaction product of melamine with phosphoric acid or a mixture thereof.

16.3 organohalogen flame retardants, for example polybrominated diphenyl oxide (DE-60F, Great Lakes), decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO; Saytex 102E (RTM, Albemarie)), tris[3-bromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propyl] phosphate (PB 370, (RTM, FMC Corp.)), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tris(2,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate, chlorendic acid, tetrachloro-phthalic acid, tetrabromophthalic acid, poly-β-chloroethyl triphosphonate mixture, tetrabromo-bisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (PE68), brominated epoxy resin, ethylene-bis(tetra-bromophthalimide) (Saytex BT-93 (RTM, Albemarie)), bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno) cyclooctane (Declorane Plus (RTM, Oxychem), chlorinated paraffins, octabromodiphenyl ether, hexachlorocyclopentadsene derivatives, 1,2-bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (FF680), tetrabromobisphenol A (Saytex RB100 (RTM, Albemarie)), ethylene bis-(dibromonorbornane-dicarboximide) (Saytex BN-451 (RTM, Aibemarie)), bis-(hexachlorocycloentadeno)cyclo-octane, PTFE, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate or ethylene-bis-tetrabromophthalimide. The halogenated flame retardants mentioned above are routinely combined with an inorganic oxide synergist.

16.4 inorganic flame retardants, for example aiuminium trihydroxide (ATH), boehmite (AlOOH), magnesium dihydroxide (MDH), zinc borates, CaCO₃, organically modified layered silicates, organically modified layered double hydroxides, and mixtures thereof. In regard to the synergistic combination with halogenated flame retardants, the most common inorganic oxide synergists are zinc oxides, antimony oxides like Sb₂O₃ or Sb₂O₅ or boron compounds.

Preferred is a further additive selected from the group of antioxidants, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, nickel compounds, metal deactivators, phosphites and phosphonites, hydroxylamines, thiosynergists, nucleating agents, peroxide scavengers, filters or reinforcing agents and terpene derivatives.

Especially preferred is a composition which comprises components a), b), a metal oxide and a phenolic antioxidant selected from the lists 1.1-1.18 as provided above. An especially preferred metai oxide in such a combination is zinc oxide.

Particularty preferred is a composition which comprises components a), b) and a phenolic antioxidant selected from the lists 1.1-1.18 as provided above.

Very preferred phenolic antioxidants in these compositions are esters of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols (i.e. list 1.13.). Especially preferred are tetrakis-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionytoxymethyl]-methane and 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid octadecyl ester.

Preferred is is a composition which comprises components a), b), a phenolic antioxidant selected from the lists 1.1-1.18 as provided above, a phosphite stabilizer seiected from the list 4 as provided above and a basic costabilizer selected from the list 10 as provided above. Especially preferred is the composition, wherein said basic costabilizer is calcium stearate.

Preferred is a further additive selected from the group of flame retardants comprising phosphorus containing flame retardants, nitrogen containing flame retardants, halogenated flame-retardants and inorganic flame retardants.

The optional further additive in the stabilized compositions of the invention may be contained from 0.01% to 5%, preferably from 0.025% to 2%, and especiaily from 0.1% to 1% by weight of the stabilized composition.

In case of a flame retardant as optional further additive, the flame retardant is advantageously contained in the composition of the invention in an amount from 0.5% to 60.0% by weight of the organic material; for instance from 1.0% to 40.0%; for example from 5.0% to 35.0% by weight of the organic material.

The component b) as well as an optional further additive of the invention may readily be incorporated into the organic material as component a) by conventional techniques, at any convenient stage prior to the manufacture of shaped articles therefrom.

The component b) as well as an optional further additive can judiciously be incorporated by one of the following methods:

-   -   as emulsion or dispersion (e.g. to latices or emulsion polymers)     -   as a dry mixture during the blending     -   by direct introduction into the processing apparatus (e.g.         extruders, internal mixers)     -   as solution in an organic solvent     -   as melt.

The organic material as component a) can be in the form of a solid, solution, suspension or emulsion.

Incorporation of the component b) as well as an optional further additive is in case of thermoplastic polymers as component a) performed best in a thermal compounding step. Thorough blending of the component a), component b) as well as an optional further additive is followed by an extrusion of the physical blend at elevated temperature. Typically an extruder with suitable screw configuration is used for this step.

The additives cart also be added to the polymer as component a) in the form of a masterbatch (‘concentrate’), which contains the component b) as well as an optional further additive incorporated in a further polymer of the masterbatch. The concentration for the additives is, for example, from 1% to 40%, in particular 2.5% to 25% by weight of the masterbatch. Said further masterbatch polymer must not be necessarily of identical structure than the polymer as component a). The masterbatch polymer can be produced in a different manner to that of the polymer as component a). The masterbatch can be in the form of a powder, granules, solutions, suspensions or in the form of latices.

In case of a polymer as component a), the polymer compositions of this invention can be employed in various forms and/or processed to give various final products, for example as to obtain films, fibres, tapes, moulding compositions, profiles or as binders for coating materials, adhesives or putties.

In more detail, the final product respectively article can be any type of polymeric article, which needs stabilization in natural sunlight and/or humidity at low, ambient or elevated temperature. For example, the polymer component may be used to manufacture polymeric films, sheets, bags, bottles, styrofoam cups, plates, utensils, blister packages, boxes, package wrappings, plastic fibers, tapes, agricultural articles such as twine agricultural films, mulch films, small tunnel films, banana bags, direct covers, nonwoven, pots for agricultural use, goetextiles, landfill covers, industrial covers, waste covers, temporary scaffolding sheets, building films, slit fences, poultry curtains, films for building temporary shelter constructions, disposable diapers, disposable garments or the like.

The polymeric articles may be manufactured by any process available to those of ordinary skill in the art including, but not limited to, extrusion, extrusion blowing, film casting, film blowing, calendering, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, thermoforming, spinning, blow extrusion or rotational casting.

For the production of the desired polymeric article out of the polymer compositions of this invention, any appropriate equipment can be used, depending on the final form of the article, for example a blow extruder in the case of films, an extrusion machine in the case of sheets or an injection molding machine.

A further embodiment of this invention is a method for stabiiization of an organic material susceptible to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation, which comprises the incorporation therein or applying thereto a compound of formula I or formula II. Preferred is also the use of a compound of formula I or formula II for stabilization of an organic material susceptible to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation.

A further embodiment of this invention is a method for improving flame retardancy of an organic material, which comprises the incorporation therein or applying thereto a compound of formula I or formula II.

Preferred is also the use of a compound of formula I or formula II for improving the flame retardancy of an organic material.

All definitions and preferences stated above apply equally for all embodiments of this invention.

Another aspect of this invention is the intermediate N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-N,N′-bis-[2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-ylamino)- ethyl]-ethane-1,2-diamine.

The compounds of formula I or formula II can be prepared according to known methods. Some of the methods are exemplified in the synthetic example. Furthermore, the referred literature therein provides further synthetic approaches.

SYNTHETIC EXAMPLES

All chemicals are used as received and not purified prior to synthesis. All reactions are carried out under nitrogen atmosphere except when otherwise stated.

Example 1

N,N′-Bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-N,N′-bis-[2,4-bis-{n-butyl-(2,2,6,8-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-amino}-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl]-hexane-1,6- diamine (I-101)

-   a) Compound I-101 is disclosed in ‘Rearrangement of the polymer     structure in the presence of high molecular weight additives’, A. P.     Matin, V. Borzatta, L. Greet, Journal of Macromolecular Science,     Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1998, A35(7&8), pages 1299-1311. -   b) A four-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical     stirrer, thermocouple, dropping funnel and condenser is charged with     100.0 g (0.542 mol) of cyanuric chloride suspended in 300 mL of     toluene and 70 g of NaOH_(aq) (30%; 1.75 mol). To this suspension by     means of a dropping funnel is added 233 g (1.10 mol) of N-butyl     triacetonediamine dissolved in 50 mL of toluene. The mixture was     heated under stirring at 70° C. for one hour then cooled down to     room temperature.

71.4 g (0.181 mol) of N,N′-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-hexane-1,6-diamine in 50 mL of toluene is added to the reaction mixture over 30 minutes. Then, the reaction is refluxed overnight and finally cooled down to room temperature. The organic phase is washed with 300 mL of H₂O dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The crude brown-yellow residue is analyzed by ¹H-NMR to reveal that the major part of the chloride atoms of the original cyanuric chloride unit have reacted to result in compound I-101. The residue is purified by dissoiving in 350 mL of refluxing acetone and afterwards precipitation in the refrigerator at −20° C. overnight.

-   Yield: 260 g (89%) -   TGA (10° C./min): 260° C.: −0.06%; 280° C.: −0.09%; 300° C.: −0.18% -   Melting point 188-190° C. -   Elemental analysis: calculated C: 70.64% H: 11.28% N: 18.08%     -   found 0:70.21% H: 11.21% N: 17.99%

Example 2

N,N′-Bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-N,N′-bis-{2,4-bis-{n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino}-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl}-hexane-1,6-diamine (P-201)

In a 1.0 L autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer are added 100 g (0.0717 mol) of compound I-101, 91.4 g (0.755 mol) of allyl bromide and 104.1 g (0.754 mol) of K₂CO₃, suspended in 500 mL of toluene. The mixture is heated at 160° C. overnight, cooled down and washed with 300 mL of H₂O at 50° C. Toluene is removed under reduce pressure to give a yellow solid. This solid is placed in a four-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple and a dropping funnel. 500 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and 110 g (0.797 mol) of K₂CO₃ are also charged in the flask. The solution is cooled down to 0° C. and 90 g of peracetic acid (35%; 0.414 mol) is slowly added over 30 minutes. Afterwards, the mixture is warmed up and stirred at room temperature for one day. 1.0 L of H₂O is added. The organic phase is separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The solvent is removed to give a brown material which was loaded in a 1.0 L autoclave without further purification. 600 mL of toluene and 6.0 g of Pd/C (5%) are also loaded in the autoclave and the overall mixture is heated at 70° C. for 4 hours.

The solution is cooled to room temperature, filtered to remove the catalyst and dried under reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in 15 mL of CHsOh and then precipitated with cold methanol to give compound P-201 as white-yellow powder.

-   Yield: 117 g (94%) -   TGA (10° C./min): 210° C.: −0.85%; 280° C.; −1.15%; 300° C.; −4.95% -   Melting point 139-143° C. -   Elemental analysis: calculated C: 68.92% H: 11.10% N: 14.47%     -   found C: 68.40% H: 10.91% N: 14.18%

Example 3

n-Butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amine (I-102)

The synthesis of compound I-102 is performed starting from 1-propyloxy-2,2,6,8-tetramethyl-piperdin-4-one according to the procedure described in patent WO 2008/003605 A1, page 19, line 8.

Example 4

N,N′-Dibutyl-6-chloro-N,N′-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine (I-103)

-   a) The synthesis of compound I-103 is provided as example 8 in U.S.     Pat. No. 6,117,995, column 51, line 1. -   b) A four-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical     stirrer, thermocouple, dropping funnel and condenser is charged with     27.3 g (0.148 mol) of cyanuric chloride and 200 mL of xylene at     0-5° C. 40 g (0.148 mol) of compound I-102 in 25 mL of xylene are     slowiy added over 20 minutes to this solution. After 90 minutes,     further 40 g (0.148 mol) of compound I-102 in 25 mL of xylene and 25     mL of water are slowiy added over 20 minutes to the system allowing     the temperature to reach 45° C.

The mixture is kept at 45° C. for 30 minutes. Then, 13.0 g of NaOH_(aq) (30%, 0.325 mol) are siowiy added over 30 minutes. The temperature is then rised to 80° C. and the reaction is heated for 2 hours at 80° C. After being cooled to room temperature, the organic phase is washed with 300 mL of water, separated and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo to obtain compound I-103 as a yellowish liquid, which solidifies in the refrigerator at a temperature around 4° C.

-   Yield: 75.4 g (78%) -   TGA (10° C./min): 280° C.: −4.58%; 280° C.: −9.59%; 300° C.: −26.04% -   Elemental analysis: calculated 0:64.44% H: 10.20% N: 15.03%     -   found C: 65.01% H: 10.11% N: 15.03% -   LC/MS: [M]⁺: 652.93

Example 5

N,N-Bis (2-{(2,4-bis-{n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-pipendin-4-yl)-amino}-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl)-amino}-ethyl)-N′-(2,4-bis-{n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino}-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl)-ethane-1,2-diamine (P-202)

In a 1.0 L autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer are loaded 50 g (0.0766 mol) of compound I-103, 3.83 g (0.0262 mol) of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and 6.5 g of NaOHaq (30%; 0.163 mol) in 500 mL of xylene. The mixture is heated at 160° C. for 16 hours, then cooled down and washed with 300 mL of H₂O at 40° C. The organic phase is separated and dried over Na₂SO₄. Evaporation of the solvent in vacuo results in a brown solid, which is purified by dissolving in 30 mL of refiuxing methanol and precipitation in the refrigerator at −20° C. overnight. Compound P-202 is obtained as white powder.

-   Yield: 21.4 g (41%) -   TGA (10° C./min): 160° C.: −0.12%; 260° C.: −1.19%; 300° C.: −9.57% -   Melting point 75-77° C. -   ESI-MS (m/z) in THF/CH₃CN: [M]⁺: 1993.7, [M]²⁺: 997.9 (MW     calculated: 1994.1 g/mol)

Example 6

N-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-N,N-bis-[2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-ylamino)-ethyl]-ethane-1,2-diamine (I-104)

A four-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, dropping funnel and condenser is charged with 30.0 g (0.141 mol) of 2,2,8,8-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-one, 7.7 g (0.0526 mol) of tris-(2-aminoethyl)-amine and 350 ml of cyclohexane. The solution is heated at reflux for 3 hours and water removed. Then it is cooled to room temperature and 120 mL of MeOH are added at 15° C.

4.0 g (0.106 mol) of NaBH₄ is slowly added at 15° C. The solution is finally warmed up and stirred at room temperature overnight.

It is washed twice with 200 ml of H₂O and 200 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow-orange solid. This solid is purified by sonication for 15 minutes in 120 mL of acetone to give compound I-104 as a white precipitate.

-   Yield: 24.5 g (63%) -   TGA (10° C./min): 210° C.: −0.15%; 260° C.: −3.83% -   Waiting point: 126-129″C -   Elemental analysis: calculated C: 68.34% H: 11.88% N: 13.28%     -   found: C: 67.59% H: 11.62% N: 13.08% -   ESI-MS (m/z) in THF/CH₃CN: [M]⁺: 738.9 (MW calculated: 738.2 g/mol)

Example 7

N,N-Bis-(2-((2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-(2,4-bis-[n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino]-[1,3,5]triazin-6- yl)-amino]-ethyl)-N′-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-N′-(2,4-bis-[n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino]-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl)-ethane-1,2-diamine (P-203)

In a 1.0 L autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer are added 20.0 g (0.0271 mol) of compound (−104, 53.5 g (0.082 mol) of compound I-103 and 5.44 g of NaOH_(aq) (30%; 0.136 mol) in 400 mL of xylene. The mixture is heated at 160° C. for 20 hours. The solution is cooled down and washed twice with 300 mL of H₂O at 50° C. Xylene is removed under reduced pressure to give a brown solid. This solid is dissolved in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and purified by precipitation with 250 mL of coid MeOH to give compound P-203 as a white-yellow powder.

-   Yield: 30.8 g (44%) -   TOA (10° C./min): 210° C.: −0.07%; 260° C.: −2.96% -   Melting point 157-181° C. -   ESI-MS (m/z) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH; [M+MeOH]⁺: 2619.2 (Mw calculated:     2818.1 g/mol) -   Elemental analysis: calculated C: 68.28% H: 10,99% N: 15.17%     -   found C: 68.19% H: 11.05% N: 15.21 %

Example 8

N,N′-Bis-(3-{(2,4-bis-{n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino}-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl)-amino}-propyl)-bis-N,N′-(2,4 propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino)-[1,3,5]-triazin-6-yl)-ethane-1,2-diamine (C-301)

-   a) Compound C-301 is mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,995 (column     20, line 25). -   b) A four-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical     stirrer, thermocouple, dropping funnel and condenser is charged with     88.5 g (0.138 mol) of compound I-103, 5.89 g (0.0338 mol) of     N,N′-bis-(3-aminopropyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine and 12 g of NaOH_(aq)     (30%; 0.30 mol) in 300 mL of xylene. The mixture is heated at     160° C. for 24 hours, then cooled down and washed with water several     times till pH= 7-8.

The organic phase is separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The obtained brown-red solid is dissolved in 30 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and precipitated from 400 mL of cold MeOH to give compound C-301 as a white powder.

-   Yieid: 28 g (31%) -   TGA (10° C./min): 220-0.05%; 290° C.: −4.12% -   Melting point: 102-106° C. -   Maldi-Tof (mfz; α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as matrix): [M+H]:     2640 (MW calculated: 2633.1 g/mol) -   Elemental analysis: calculated C: 67.38% H: 10.77% N: 16.99%     -   found C: 67.54% H: 10.91% H: 16.98%

Example 9

N,N′-Bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-methoxy-piperdin-4-yl)-N,N′-bis-(2,4-bis-[n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-methoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino]-[1,3,5]triazin-6-yl)-hexane-1,6-diamine (P-204)

A 1 L reactor is charged with 150 g (0.107 mol) of compound I-101 in 275 g toluene. There are added 0.8 g (0.0024 mol) sodium tungstate dihydrate, 0.6 g (0.010 mol) acetic acid, 6.3 g (0.350 mol) water and 1.3 g benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (0.0069 mol). The reaction mass is heated to 58° C. and 213 g hydrogen peroxide (50% w/w; 3.13 mol) is added within 3 h. The reaction is stirred over night at room temperature. The reaction mass is washed with sodium carbonate solution and then with water. The obtained dark red solution is transferred to a 1.5 L reactor and 105 g toluene, 54 g water, 125 g acetic acid, 1.9 g (0.019 mol) CuCl and 120 g (2.71 mol) acetaidehyde are added. The reaction mass is heated to 40° C. and 145 g hydrogen peroxide (50% w/w; 2.13 mol) is added within 4 h followed by stirring over night. Then 0.98 g (0.0098 mol) CuCl and 60 g (1.36 mol) acetaidehyde are added. 72 g hydrogen peroxide (50% w/w; 1.07 mol) is dosed over 2 h and the reaction is stirred for 2.5 h at 40° C. Work-up: The phases are separated, the water phase is discarded, 60 g toluene is added to the organic phase and then the organic phase is washed with a solution of Na₂CO₃ and EDTA in water, with a soiufion of Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₃ and EDTA in water and with Na₂SO₃ in water till no peroxides are detectable. The reaction mass is washed with sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (5% w/w) and the solvent is destilled off. The product is dried at 40-80° C. under vacuum to give compound P-204 as white to off-white powder.

-   Yield: 95 g -   ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz, δ (ppm)): 5.4-5.0 (m); 3.67 (m); 3.29 (m);     1.9-0.8 (m) MS (Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization, m/z):     1574.1 [M+1], 1544,2, 1514.2, 1484,3 -   TGA (10° C./min): 210° C.: −1.68%; 260° C.: −3.31%; 300° C.:−5.99% -   Melting point: 134-137° C.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES Example 10 Light Stabilization of Low-Density Polyethylene Films LDPE Film Manufacture:

In a turbo mixer (Caccia, Labo 10), the additives according to table 1 are mixed with LDPE (i.e. low density polyethylene). The mixture is extruded at a maximum temperature of 200° C. using an O.M.G. twin-screw extruder (model EBV 19/25, with a 19 mm screw diameter and 1:25 ratio) to granules. The granules are subsequently mixed and diluted with the same LDPE In order to obtain the calculated final concentration for preparing a 150 μm thick film, using a blow-extruder (Dolci) working ai a maximum temperature of 210° C. The calculated final concentrations in the LDPE fiims are indicated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Concentration of additives employed for the LDPE film Film No. Additives Film 1^(a)) 0.4% compound P-201 0.1% Irganox 1010^(c)) Film 2^(a)) 0.4% compound P-202 0.1% Irganox 1010^(c)) Film 3^(a)) 0.4% compound P-203 0.1% Irganox 1010^(c)) Film 4^(b)) 0.4% compound C-301 0.1% Irganox 1010^(c)) Film 5^(b)) 0.4% Tinuvin NOR 371^(c)) 0.1% Irganox 1010^(c)) Film 6^(b)) 0.4% Chimassorb 2020^(c)) 0.1% Irganox 1010^(c)) ^(a))according to the invention ^(b))comparative ^(c))Irganox 1010 (RTM, Ciba) is tetrakis-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionyloxymethyl]-methane

-   -   d) Tinuvin NOR 371 (RTM, Ciba) is a mixture of oiigomeric         compounds which are the formal condensation products of         N,N′-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-hexane-1,6-diamine         and         2,4-dichloro-6-(n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-propoxy-piperidin-4-yl)-amino)-[1,3,5]triazine         end-capped with         2-chloro-4,8-bis-(di-n-butylamino)-[1,3,5]triazine

-   -   e) Chimassorb 2020 (RTM, Ciba) is a mixture of oligomeric         compounds which are the formal condensation products of         N,N′-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-hexane-1,6-diamine         and         2,4-dichloro-6-(n-butyl-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-amino)-[1,3,5]triazine         end-capped with         2-chloro-4,6-bis-(di-n-butylamino)-[1,3,5]triazine

Performances of Additives as Stabilizers in LDPE Films:

Light exposure: LDPE films are exposed in an ATLAS Weatherometer (model Ci65A) equipped with a 6500 W Xenon lamp (0.35 W/m²; continuous light cycle, black panel temperature=63° C.).

Vapam treatment: LDPE films are placed in a close chamber and exposed to the vapors of a 0.74 v/v aqueous solution of vapam (39.1% by weight sodium N-methyl-dithiocarbamate in water). The system is kept at 30° C. for 20 days. Then the LDPE films are subjected to light exposure as described above.

Evaluation Parameters:

-   -   1) Carbonyl increment: Evaluation of the carbonyl band increment         (1710 cm-1) in LDPE films under applicative tests to assess the         performances as light/heat stabilizers. A higher increment value         indicates a higher degree of oxidative degradation.     -   2) Tensile elongation at break: Evaluation of elongation         percentage property of LDPE films under applicative tests to         assess the performances as light/heat stabilizers. Test carried         out with ZWICK Z1.0 testing machine with a speed of 100 mm/min;         a holder distance of 30 mm and at a temperature of 20° C. A         value, which is closer to the starting value for tensile         elongation at break, indicates less degradation.

TABLE 2 Carbonyl increment of 150 μm additivated LDPE films upon WOM exposure Time of exposure (hours) Film No. 0 750 1300 2635 3220 5080 Film 1^(a)) 0.000 0.005 0.007 0.019 0.024 0.046 Film 2^(a)) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.011 Flint 5^(b)) 0.000 0.006 0.010 0.023 0.030 0.052 Film 6^(b)) 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.035 0.043 0.066 Footnotes are listed at table 1.

TABLE 3 Tensile measurements of 150 μm additivated LDPE films upon WOM exposure Time of exposure (hours) Film No. 0 1635 2580 3270 3996 Film 1^(a)) 100 99 96 86 86 Film 2^(a)) 100 100   98* not measured  92** Film 4^(b)) 100 not measured 99 78 70 Film 5^(b)) 100 99 94 88 80 Film 6^(b)) 100 89 78 74 70 Footnotes are listed at table 1. *after 2492 hours **after 5000 hours

TABLE 4 Carbonyl increment of 150 μm additivated LDPE films upon vapam-WOM exposure Time of exposure (hours) Film No. 0 550 1770 2565 4484 Film 1^(a)) 0.000 0.018 0.034 0.043 0.064 Film 2^(a)) 0.000 0.011 0.023 0.028 not measured Film 5^(b)) 0.000 0.013 0.038 0.054 0.073 Film 6^(b)) 0.000 0.021 0.045 0.063 0.131 Footnotes are listed at table 1.

TABLE 5 Tensile measurements of 150 μm additivated LDPE films upon vapam-WOM exposure Time of exposure (hours) → Film No. 0 620 1245 2275 4200 Film 1^(a)) 100 100 97 95 92 Film 2^(a)) 100 100 not measured 97 90 Film 4^(b)) 100 98 not measured 88 85 Film 5^(b)) 100 100 100  94 87 Film 6^(b)) 100 95 92 76 65 Footnotes are listed at table 1.

Example 11 Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene Films PP Film Manufacture:

Unless stated otherwise, commercial polypropyiene (Moplen HP 552 R, manufacturer Basell) is processed on a co-rotating extruder type Berstorff 32D (lab size twin screw extruder, 25 mm screw diameter, 9 heating zones) at a maximum temperature Tmax of 230° C. with a throughput rate of about 12 kg/h for 120 rpm screw speed and the additives indicated in Table 6. After cooling in a water bath the polymer strand is granulated. Test specimens are prepared by cast film extrusion (150 μm thickness) using a cast film equipment Tech-line CR 72T coupled with an extruder Tech-line E 20 T from Collin. The calculated final concentrations in the PP films are indicated in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Concentration of added additive in the PP film Film No. Additive Film 7^(b)) without addition Film 8^(a)) 0.5% compound P-201 Film 9^(a)) 1.0% compound P-201 Film 10^(a)) 0.5% compound P-204 Film 11^(a)) 1.0% compound P-204 Footnotes are listed at table 1.

Performances of Additives as Flame Retardants in PP Film:

DIN4102-B2: The test samples are investigated for flame retardancy in accordance to a modified DIN 4102-B2 (edge ignition) test, wherein the modification is the length of 160 mm instead of 190 mm for the text specimen, i.e. 160 mm height and 60 mm width as specimen dimensions. There are two basic results: not classified and B2.

UL94-VTM: The test samples are investigated for flame retardaney according to UL94-VTM. There are 4 basic results: not classified, VTM2, VTM1 and VTM0. VTM0 represents the best basic result.

TABLE 7 Flaming test on 150 μm PP cast films according to modified DIN 4102-B2 (edge ignition) Burning time Damaged Burning drips DIN4102-B2 Film No. [sec] length [mm] paper ignition^(f)) rating Film 7^(b)) 12 120 yes not classified Film 8^(a)) 4.0 73 no B2 Film 9^(a)) 3.6 72 no B2 Film 10^(a)) 2.4 69 no B2 Film 11^(a)) 4.0 60 no B2 Footnotes ^(a)) and ^(b)) are listed at table 1. ^(f))Rated ‘yes’, if the burning drips dripping from the ignited test specimen ignite paper placed underneath the test specimen according to the DIN 4102-B2 test norm.

Low values for burning time and damaged length reflect increased flame retardaney.

TABLE 8 Flaming test on 150 μm PP cast films according to UL94-VTM Total burning Burning drips Film No. time [sec] cotton ignition^(g)) UL94-VTM rating Film 7^(b)) 19 5 (5) not classified Film 8^(a)) 9 3 (5) VTM2 Film 9^(a)) 4 0 (5) VTM0 Film 10^(a)) 6 4 (5) VTM2 Film 11^(a)) 4 0 (5) VTM0 Footnotes ^(a)) and ^(b)) are listed at table 1. ^(g))Number of tests (out of five tests) in which burning drips dripping from the ignited test specimen ignite cotton placed underneath the test specimen according to the UL94-VTM test norm.

Low values for total burning time and less burning drips igniting cotton reflect increased flame retardancy. 

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A compound of formula I

wherein R₁ is a group of formula III

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; R₄ is a group of formula IV

hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₆-C₁₀ bicycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkylnyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₇-C₉ aralkyl or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₈ alkyloxy, C₃-C₁₈ alkenyloxy, C₃-C₁₈ alkynyloxy, C₆-C₁₀ alyloxy, C₇-C₉ aralkyloxy or C₇-C₂₀ aralkyloxy substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl; and X₁ is C₂-C₁₂ alkylene substiuted by hydroxyl.
 17. The compound according to claim 16, wherein R₁ is a group of formula III, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benxyl; R₄ is a group of fonmtia IV, hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl or benzyl; Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, C₃-C₁₂ alkenykoxy or benzyloxy; and X₁ is C₂-C₈ alkylene.
 18. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independently from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.
 19. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R₁ is a group of formula III, R₄ is a group of formula IV.
 20. A compoimd according to claim 16, wherein Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each independently from each other methyloxy, ethyloxy, propyloxy, octyloxy, undecyloxy or prop-2-enyloxy.
 21. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R₁ and R₄ are each independently from each other hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl or C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl.
 22. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R₁ is a group of formula III or hydrogen; R₄ is a group of formula IV or hydrogen; R₂, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are each independeatly from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄, Z₁₁ and Z₁₂ are each indendently from each other C₁-C₁₂ alkyloxy, wherein in case of C₃-C₁₂ alkyloxy both carbon atoms in α- and β-position next to the oxygen are not branched; and X₁ is C₂-C₈ alkylene.
 23. A compound according to claim 16, wherein X₁ is hexamethylene.
 24. A compound according to claim 16 of formula P-201 or P-204


25. A composition comrpising a) an organic material which is susceptible to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation; and b) at least one compound of the formula I according to claim
 16. 26. A composition according to claim 25, wherein component b) is present in an amount of from 0.001 to 10% based on the weight of component a).
 27. A composition according to claim 23, which contains further additives.
 28. A composition according to claim 27, which contains a further additive selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, nickel compounds, metal deactivators, phosphites or phosphonites, hydroxylamines, thiosynergists, nucleating agents, peroxide scavengers, filters, reinforcing agents and terpene derivatives.
 29. A method for stabilization of an organic material susceptible to oxidative, thermal or light-induced degradation, which comprises the incorporation therein or applying thereto a compound of formula I according to claim
 16. 30. A method for improving flame retardancy of an organic material, which comprises the incorporation therein or applying thereto a compound of formula I according to claim
 16. 